Handing a smartphone or tablet to a crying baby has become a common way for many parents to calm their child. However, a major review of global research suggests that this everyday habit could have lasting consequences for a child's health and development.
Researchers from four UK universities have found that regular screen exposure in babies and toddlers under the age of two is linked to a range of developmental and health concerns. Based on the available evidence, they say children in this age group should avoid intentional screen time altogether.
The evidence so far
The review, conducted by the Action on Digital Device Immersive Conditions Team, is being described as the most comprehensive analysis so far on the effects of screen use in infants.
Although the researchers did not find definitive proof that screens directly cause developmental disorders, they say there is enough evidence to justify a more cautious approach.
What the study found
According to the review, regular screen exposure during the first two years of life may be associated with:
- Reduced parent child bonding
- Delayed language development
- Less time for physical play
- Sleep disturbances
- Eye health problems
- A higher risk of childhood obesity
Researchers also expressed concern that some babies may begin relying on digital devices for comfort instead of seeking reassurance from parents or caregivers, which could affect emotional development over time.
'No meaningful benefit' for babies
The researchers concluded that there is currently no clear evidence that intentional screen time offers developmental benefits for children under the age of two.
While they acknowledged that completely avoiding screens is difficult in today's digital world, they stressed that deliberately introducing screen time only increases potential risks without providing meaningful advantages.
"Our findings suggest that children under two should not receive regular intentional screen time," the researchers noted.
Parents need guidance, not guilt
Rafe Clayton, Senior Lecturer in Media and Communication at the University of Leeds and co lead of the study, said many parents unknowingly encourage unhealthy screen habits because they receive very little guidance about their own use of digital devices around young children.
He said babies often learn by observing adults, making parental screen habits just as important as children's own screen exposure.
Experts seek stronger guidance
The researchers have urged policymakers to review current recommendations that permit limited shared screen activities, such as video calls with relatives or supported learning.
The team has also called for the introduction of baby screen time risk assessments to help identify children who may be vulnerable to developmental problems linked to excessive screen exposure.
Experts say the first 1,001 days of life are critical for brain development, with babies learning best through talking, playing, exploring and interacting with parents and caregivers.
While screens are now part of everyday life, researchers believe keeping intentional screen use to a minimum during the first two years could help support healthier physical, emotional and cognitive development.
